- Facial Action Coding System Manual Pdf
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- Oct 02, 2019 The Facial Action Coding System (FACS) is a comprehensive, anatomically based system for describing all visually discernible facial movement. It breaks down facial expressions into individual components of muscle movement, called Action Units (AUs).
- Analysis of facial expression initiated by Paul Ekman and Wallace V. Friesen in 1976 and 1978; it will also become a valuable, even obligatory resource for all investigators who wish to use or understand the Facial Action Coding System (FACS), as Ekman and Friesen’s approach is called. This book should also be of interest to a broader con.
Muscles of head and neck.
Observer-Based Measurement of Facial Expression With the Facial Action Coding System 205 novo, rarely making use of the work of their predecessors. Some have seemed to be uninformed by the previous litera-ture. Even the more scholarly have found it difficult to build on the methods previously reported, because descriptions. Sep 15, 2011 Facial expression is widely used to evaluate emotional impairment in neuropsychiatric disorders. Ekman and Friesen’s Facial Action Coding System (FACS) encodes movements of individual facial muscles from distinct momentary changes in facial. FACS, short for Facial Action Coding System, is a research tool useful for measuring any facial expression a human being can make. It is used to observe and describe all facial movement.
Facial Action Coding System (FACS) is a system to taxonomize human facial movements by their appearance on the face, based on a system originally developed by a Swedish anatomist named Carl-Herman Hjortsjö.[1] It was later adopted by Paul Ekman and Wallace V. Friesen, and published in 1978.[2] Ekman, Friesen, and Joseph C. Hager published a significant update to FACS in 2002.[3] Movements of individual facial muscles are encoded by FACS from slight different instant changes in facial appearance.[4] It is a common standard to systematically categorize the physical expression of emotions, and it has proven useful to psychologists and to animators. Due to subjectivity and time consumption issues, FACS has been established as a computed automated system that detects faces in videos, extracts the geometrical features of the faces, and then produces temporal profiles of each facial movement.[4]
The pioneer F-M Facial Action Coding System 3.0 (F-M FACS 3.0) [5] was created in 2018 by Armindo Freitas-Magalhães, and presents 5,000 segments in 4K, using 3D technology and automatic and real-time recognition (FaceReader 7.1).The F-M FACS 3.0 features 8 pioneering action units (AUs), 22 pioneering tongue movements (TMs), and a pioneering Gross Behavior GB49 (Crying), in addition to functional and structural nomenclature.[6]
F-M NeuroFACS 3.0 is the latest version created in 2019 by Dr. Freitas-Magalhães.[7]
- 2Codes for action units
- 2.3List of action units and action descriptors (with underlying facial muscles)
Uses[edit]
Using FACS [8] human coders can manually code nearly any anatomically possible facial expression, deconstructing it into the specific action units (AU) and their temporal segments that produced the expression. As AUs are independent of any interpretation, they can be used for any higher order decision making process including recognition of basic emotions, or pre-programmed commands for an ambient intelligent environment. The FACS Manual is over 500 pages in length and provides the AUs, as well as Ekman's interpretation of their meaning.
FACS defines AUs, which are a contraction or relaxation of one or more muscles. It also defines a number of Action Descriptors, which differ from AUs in that the authors of FACS have not specified the muscular basis for the action and have not distinguished specific behaviors as precisely as they have for the AUs.
For example, FACS can be used to distinguish two types of smiles as follows:[9]
- Insincere and voluntary Pan-Am smile: contraction of zygomatic major alone
- Sincere and involuntary Duchenne smile: contraction of zygomatic major and inferior part of orbicularis oculi.
Although the labeling of expressions currently requires trained experts, researchers have had some success in using computers to automatically identify FACS codes, and thus quickly identify emotions.[10]Computer graphical face models, such as CANDIDE or Artnatomy, allow expressions to be artificially posed by setting the desired action units.
Directsoft 6 training. The use of FACS has been proposed for use in the analysis of depression,[11] and the measurement of pain in patients unable to express themselves verbally.[12]
FACS is designed to be self-instructional. People can learn the technique from a number of sources including manuals and workshops,[13] and obtain certification through testing.[14] The original FACS has been modified to analyze facial movements in several non-human primates, namely chimpanzees,[15] rhesus macaques,[16] gibbons and siamangs,[17] and orangutans.[18] More recently, it was adapted for a domestic species, the dog.[19]
Facial Action Coding System Manual Pdf
Thus, FACS can be used to compare facial repertoires across species due to its anatomical basis. https://cleverretail838.weebly.com/blog/hp-designjet-510-manual. A study conducted by Vick and others (2006) suggests that FACS can be modified by taking differences in underlying morphology into account. Such considerations enable a comparison of the homologous facial movements present in humans and chimpanzees, to show that the facial expressions of both species result from extremely notable appearance changes. The development of FACS tools for different species allows the objective and anatomical study of facial expressions in communicative and emotional contexts. Furthermore, a cross-species analysis of facial expressions can help to answer interesting questions, such as which emotions are uniquely human.[20]
EMFACS (Emotional Facial Action Coding System)[21] and FACSAID (Facial Action Coding System Affect Interpretation Dictionary)[22] consider only emotion-related facial actions. Examples of these are:
Emotion | Action units |
---|---|
Happiness | 6+12 |
Sadness | 1+4+15 |
Surprise | 1+2+5B+26 |
Fear | 1+2+4+5+7+20+26 |
Anger | 4+5+7+23 |
Disgust | 9+15+16 |
Contempt | R12A+R14A |
Codes for action units[edit]
For clarification, FACS is an index of facial expressions, but does not actually provide any bio-mechanical information about the degree of muscle activation. Mini uc browser download for pc. Though muscle activation is not part of FACS, the main muscles involved in the facial expression have been added here for the benefit of the reader.
Action units (AUs) are the fundamental actions of individual muscles or groups of muscles.
![Manual Manual](/uploads/1/3/3/8/133848905/719299349.jpg)
Action descriptors (ADs) are unitary movements that may involve the actions of several muscle groups (e.g., a forward‐thrusting movement of the jaw). The muscular basis for these actions hasn't been specified and specific behaviors haven't been distinguished as precisely as for the AUs.
For most accurate annotation, FACS suggests agreement from at least two independent certified FACS encoders.
Intensity scoring[edit]
Intensities of FACS are annotated by appending letters A–E (for minimal-maximal intensity) to the action unit number (e.g. AU 1A is the weakest trace of AU 1 and AU 1E is the maximum intensity possible for the individual person).
- A Trace
- B Slight
- C Marked or pronounced
- D Severe or extreme
- E Maximum
Other letter modifiers[edit]
There are other modifiers present in FACS codes for emotional expressions, such as 'R' which represents an action that occurs on the right side of the face and 'L' for actions which occur on the left. An action which is unilateral (occurs on only one side of the face) but has no specific side is indicated with a 'U' and an action which is unilateral but has a stronger side is indicated with an 'A.'
List of action units and action descriptors (with underlying facial muscles)[edit]
Main codes[edit]
AU number | FACS name | Muscular basis |
---|---|---|
0 | Neutral face | |
1 | Inner brow raiser | frontalis (pars medialis) |
2 | Outer brow raiser | frontalis (pars lateralis) |
4 | Brow lowerer | depressor glabellae, depressor supercilii, corrugator supercilii |
5 | Upper lid raiser | levator palpebrae superioris, superior tarsal muscle |
6 | Cheek raiser | orbicularis oculi (pars orbitalis) |
7 | Lid tightener | orbicularis oculi (pars palpebralis) |
8 | Lips toward each other | orbicularis oris |
9 | Nose wrinkler | levator labii superioris alaeque nasi |
10 | Upper lip raiser | levator labii superioris, caput infraorbitalis |
11 | Nasolabial deepener | zygomaticus minor |
12 | Lip corner puller | zygomaticus major |
13 | Sharp lip puller | levator anguli oris (also known as caninus) |
14 | Dimpler | buccinator |
15 | Lip corner depressor | depressor anguli oris (also known as triangularis) |
16 | Lower lip depressor | depressor labii inferioris |
17 | Chin raiser | mentalis |
18 | Lip pucker | incisivii labii superioris and incisivii labii inferioris |
19 | Tongue show | |
20 | Lip stretcher | risorius w/ platysma |
21 | Neck tightener | platysma |
22 | Lip funneler | orbicularis oris |
23 | Lip tightener | orbicularis oris |
24 | Lip pressor | orbicularis oris |
25 | Lips part | depressor labii inferioris, or relaxation of mentalis or orbicularis oris |
26 | Jaw drop | masseter; relaxed temporalis and internal pterygoid |
27 | Mouth stretch | pterygoids, digastric |
28 | Lip suck | orbicularis oris |
Head movement codes[edit]
AU number | FACS name | Action |
---|---|---|
51 | Head turn left | |
52 | Head turn right | |
53 | Head up | |
54 | Head down | |
55 | Head tilt left | |
M55 | Head tilt left | The onset of the symmetrical 14 is immediately preceded or accompanied by a head tilt to the left. |
56 | Head tilt right | |
M56 | Head tilt right | The onset of the symmetrical 14 is immediately preceded or accompanied by a head tilt to the right. |
57 | Head forward | |
M57 | Head thrust forward | The onset of 17+24 is immediately preceded, accompanied, or followed by a head thrust forward. |
58 | Head back | |
M59 | Head shake up and down | The onset of 17+24 is immediately preceded, accompanied, or followed by an up-down head shake (nod). |
M60 | Head shake side to side | The onset of 17+24 is immediately preceded, accompanied, or followed by a side to side head shake. |
M83 | Head upward and to the side | The onset of the symmetrical 14 is immediately preceded or accompanied by a movement of the head, upward and turned and/or tilted to either the left or right. |
Eye movement codes[edit]
AU number | FACS name | Action |
---|---|---|
61 | Eyes turn left | |
M61 | Eyes left | The onset of the symmetrical 14 is immediately preceded or accompanied by eye movement to the left. |
62 | Eyes turn right | |
M62 | Eyes right | The onset of the symmetrical 14 is immediately preceded or accompanied by eye movement to the right. |
63 | Eyes up | |
64 | Eyes down | |
65 | Walleye | |
66 | Cross-eye | |
M68 | Upward rolling of eyes | The onset of the symmetrical 14 is immediately preceded or accompanied by an upward rolling of the eyes. |
69 | Eyes positioned to look at other person | The 4, 5, or 7, alone or in combination, occurs while the eye position is fixed on the other person in the conversation. |
M69 | Head and/or eyes look at other person | The onset of the symmetrical 14 or AUs 4, 5, and 7, alone or in combination, is immediately preceded or accompanied by a movement of the eyes or of the head and eyes to look at the other person in the conversation. |
Face Action Units
Visibility codes[edit]
AU number | FACS name |
---|---|
70 | Brows and forehead not visible |
71 | Eyes not visible |
72 | Lower face not visible |
73 | Entire face not visible |
74 | Unscorable |
Gross behavior codes[edit]
These codes are reserved for recording information about gross behaviors that may be relevant to the facial actions that are scored.
AU number | FACS name | Muscular basis |
---|---|---|
29 | Jaw thrust | |
30 | Jaw sideways | |
31 | Jaw clencher | masseter |
32 | [Lip] bite | |
33 | [Cheek] blow | |
34 | [Cheek] puff | |
35 | [Cheek] suck | |
36 | [Tongue] bulge | |
37 | Lip wipe | |
38 | Nostril dilator | nasalis (pars alaris) |
39 | Nostril compressor | nasalis (pars transversa) and depressor septi nasi |
40 | Sniff | |
41 | Lid droop | Levator palpebrae superioris (relaxation) |
42 | Slit | Orbicularis oculi muscle |
43 | Eyes closed | Relaxation of Levator palpebrae superioris |
44 | Squint | Corrugator supercilii and orbicularis oculi muscle |
45 | Blink | Relaxation of Levator palpebrae superioris; contraction of orbicularis oculi (pars palpebralis) |
46 | Wink | orbicularis oculi |
50 | Speech | |
80 | Swallow | |
81 | Chewing | |
82 | Shoulder shrug | |
84 | Head shake back and forth | |
85 | Head nod up and down | |
91 | Flash | |
92 | Partial flash | |
97* | Shiver/tremble | |
98* | Fast up-down look |
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^Hjortsjö, CH (1969). Man's face and mimic language. free download: Carl-Herman Hjortsjö, Man's face and mimic language'
- ^P. Ekman and W. Friesen. Facial Action Coding System: A Technique for the Measurement of Facial Movement. Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, 1978.
- ^Paul Ekman, Wallace V. Friesen, and Joseph C. Hager. Facial Action Coding System: The Manual on CD ROM. A Human Face, Salt Lake City, 2002.
- ^ abHamm, J.; Kohler, C. G.; Gur, R. C.; Verma, R. (2011). 'Automated Facial Action Coding System for dynamic analysis of facial expressions in neuropsychiatric disorders'. Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 200 (2): 237–256. doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.06.023. PMC3402717. PMID21741407.
- ^Freitas-Magalhães, A. (2018). Facial Action Coding System 3.0: Manual of Scientific Codification of the Human Face. Porto: FEELab Science Books. ISBN978-989-8766-86-1.
- ^Freitas-Magalhães, A. (2018).Scientific measurement of the human face:F-M FACS 3.0 - pioneer and revolutionary. In A. Freitas-Magalhães (Ed.), Emotional expression: the Brain and the face (Vol. 10, pp. 21-94). Porto: FEELab Science Books. ISBN978-989-8766-98-4
- ^Freitas-Magalhães, A. (2019). NeuroFACS 3.0: The Neuroscience of Face. Porto: FEELab Science Books. ISBN978-989-8766-61-8.
- ^Freitas-Magalhães, A. (2012). Microexpression and macroexpression. In V. S. Ramachandran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Human Behavior (Vol. 2, pp. 173–183). Oxford: Elsevier/Academic Press. ISBN978-0-12-375000-6
- ^Del Giudice, M.; Colle, L. (2007). 'Differences between children and adults in the recognition of enjoyment smiles'. Developmental Psychology. 43 (3): 796–803. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.3.796. PMID17484588.
- ^Facial Action Coding System. Retrieved July 21, 2007.
- ^Reed, L. I.; Sayette, M. A.; Cohn, J. F. (2007). 'Impact of depression on response to comedy: A dynamic facial coding analysis'. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 116 (4): 804–809. CiteSeerX10.1.1.307.6950. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.116.4.804. PMID18020726.
- ^Lints-Martindale, A. C.; Hadjistavropoulos, T.; Barber, B.; Gibson, S. J. (2007). 'A Psychophysical Investigation of the Facial Action Coding System as an Index of Pain Variability among Older Adults with and without Alzheimer's Disease'. Pain Medicine. 8 (8): 678–689. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2007.00358.x. PMID18028046.
- ^'Example and web site of one teaching professional: Erika L. Rosenberg, Ph.D'. Archived from the original on 2009-02-06. Retrieved 2009-02-04.
- ^[1]Archived December 23, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
- ^Parr, L. A.; Waller, B. M.; Vick, S. J.; Bard, K. A. (2007). 'Classifying chimpanzee facial expressions using muscle action'. Emotion. 7 (1): 172–181. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.7.1.172. PMC2826116. PMID17352572.
- ^Parr, L. A.; Waller, B. M.; Burrows, A. M.; Gothard, K. M.; Vick, S. J. (2010). 'Brief communication: MaqFACS: A muscle-based facial movement coding system for the rhesus macaque'. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 143 (4): 625–630. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21401. PMC2988871. PMID20872742.
- ^Waller, B. M.; Lembeck, M.; Kuchenbuch, P.; Burrows, A. M.; Liebal, K. (2012). 'GibbonFACS: A Muscle-Based Facial Movement Coding System for Hylobatids'. International Journal of Primatology. 33 (4): 809. doi:10.1007/s10764-012-9611-6.
- ^Caeiro, C. T. C.; Waller, B. M.; Zimmermann, E.; Burrows, A. M.; Davila-Ross, M. (2012). 'OrangFACS: A Muscle-Based Facial Movement Coding System for Orangutans (Pongo spp.)'. International Journal of Primatology. 34: 115–129. doi:10.1007/s10764-012-9652-x.
- ^Waller, B. M.; Peirce, K.; Caeiro, C. C.; Scheider, L.; Burrows, A. M.; McCune, S.; Kaminski, J. (2013). 'Paedomorphic Facial Expressions Give Dogs a Selective Advantage'. PLoS ONE. 8 (12): e82686. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0082686. PMC3873274. PMID24386109.
- ^Vick, S. J.; Waller, B. M.; Parr, L. A.; Smith Pasqualini, M. C.; Bard, K. A. (2006). 'A Cross-species Comparison of Facial Morphology and Movement in Humans and Chimpanzees Using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS)'. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 31 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1007/s10919-006-0017-z. PMC3008553. PMID21188285.
- ^Friesen, W.; Ekman, P. (1983). EMFACS-7: Emotional Facial Action Coding System. Unpublished manual, University of California, California.
- ^'Facial Action Coding System Affect Interpretation Dictionary (FACSAID)'. Archived from the original on 2011-05-20. Retrieved 2011-02-23.
External links[edit]
Facial Action Coding System Training
- download of Carl-Herman Hjortsjö, Man's face and mimic language' (the original Swedish title of the book is: 'Människans ansikte och mimiska språket'. The correct translation would be: 'Man's face and facial language')
Facs Coding
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